28 April 2012

The Hunger Games and The Hunger Rules

When I first saw the ads for the film Hunger Games I was pretty appalled. Hunger should not be the topic of a violent reality game show, even in a dystopian future. So I read the book, despite my 10 year old son telling me that all the kids in his class had already done so.

The book is clever. It is one of those stories that different people can read into it what they want to. For some a love story, others an action flick, others a tale of survival, others a warning of what the future might bring.

For me the book was all that, but the theme of hunger really does run strongly through the tale. The protagonists spend an incredible amount of time on food: thinking about it, looking for it, conserving it, plotting over it and, of course, doing without it. If it gets kids in Europe and North America taking food less for granted, then that can't be bad.

The book is also a reminder that hunger is created. Not by games, but but by the rules of the game. Hunger is caused by lack of political representation, weak rights to land and water, technology that does not reflect the needs of the most vulnerable, gender discrimination and financial systems that will not take risks on the poorest.  These rules of the game are the outcomes of power asymmetries and they are all stacked against the poorest and most hungry.

That is why we at IDS are doing so much research on practical ways to create a more enabling environment for hunger and undernutrition reduction.

It is the hunger rules that need to be contested, not the hunger games.

27 April 2012

Ivan Lewis and a New Covenant for International Development

It is about 6 months since Ed Miliband appointed Ivan Lewis the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development. He spent the day at IDS yesterday meeting some of our teams working on conflict and violence, on governance institutions in Africa, on Rio+20 and on economic growth. He ended the day by giving a Sussex Development Lecture.

It is good that the Labour Party now has a strong focal point for International Development. The Shadow SoS outlined his three priority areas: (a) holding the government to account (e.g. 0.7 % of GNI), (b) developing new longer term policy positions, and (c) some interim projects designed to promote innovation and commitment.

One of his big ideas is to develop a new covenant on international development, one that goes beyond aid, beyond developed and developing countries and beyond the MDG agenda. The details are yet to emerge and are being worked up by various policy review processes and through meetings with organisations inside and outside the sector. 

I was impressed by the SSoS and by his energy and commitment to international development. I hope he is allowed to stay in the post long enough to develop some of these ideas and turn them into concrete proposals.

During our conversations Rio+20 and the SDGs kept popping up (see Simon Maxwell's interesting Green Growth Guarantee and an interesting session my colleage Melissa Leach chaired on these issues at the recent Planet Under Pressure conference. 

(I have to admit not being able to get too excited by the upcoming summits, I think I am jaded by them. By the way I find the OECD's green growth definitions worrying--no mention of poverty reduction: what would you rather have, poverty reducing growth or green growth--they ain't necessarily the same folks).

What would I like to see emerge from the next few rounds of summitry? Something simple, that has clarity, can capture peoples imagination's and yet allows plenty of room for a bottom up process to influence. Something like...

Global Development Goals. Global in 5 ways: 

Global - development in every country, not just the poorest
Global - obligations from every country, not just the poorest
Global - focusing explicitly on global public goods, not only national goods
Global - developed through a global process, not one dominated by the richest countries
Global - informed by a global evidence base, not dominated by the rich countries

Some of the GDGs could be adopted and adapted by each country, the rest would rely on collective action.

25 April 2012

DFID Two Years In: How's It Going So Far?


The two year anniversary of DFID under the Coalition Government is upon us. What have DFID done well and what would you like to see them change? I asked a number of my regular readers to respond to those two questions. Nine people responded, 3 requested anonymity. Of the 6 who declared themselves we have an MP, a former UN agency head, a senior UN leader, a senior leader within a non UN multilateral and a response from an American Foundation.

What were people pleased with? The stated commitment to 0.7% of GNI to ODA, the emphasis on evaluation and more robust evidence, on girls empowerment, the dialogue around VFM, engagement with more fundamental research via UK research councils, and the increased commitment to nutrition.

What were people worried about? The BAR and MAR methodology (have a more open review before the refresh), broaden scope of impact evaluations and methods, be a leader in reforming the way leaders are chosen for international organisations, do more fundamental research on humanitarian issues, be more nuanced in interactions with private sector, rethink the balance of spend to staff, have a greater focus on tertiary education and be more mindful of the downsides of the evaluation culture, including overly complex and burdensome log frames and being drawn away from evaluations of governance policies and interventions.

Here are the responses by individual:


Hugh Bayley MP
Member of the House of Commons International Development Committee

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
Maintaining the commitment to 0.7% of GNI for ODA by 2014 and their focus on development outcomes.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
Consult the public and development experts (in partner countries and the UK) on the methodology of the MAR and the BAR before the follow-up reviews.

Rob van den Berg
Chief of Monitoring and Evaluation, Global Environmental Fund

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
I was most impressed by the fact that DFID commissioned a study on evaluation methodology that looks at causality issues, counterfactuals and in general impact evaluations from a broad philosophical and scientific perspective, to provide intellectual food for thought on how we should approach this in future. I have not seen the final study yet but it looks very promising and could turn DFID into a leader in this area.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
I hope the study will broaden the scope of impact evaluations in general and will increase our understanding how international cooperation works and that this in turn will lead to improved actions. But that is very much a longer term agenda.

Catherine Bertini
Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University. Former Executive Director of the World Food Programme

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
Highlighting Girls
Outspokenness of Secretary of State of DFID

2. What would you like them to do differently?
Build on their expertise and be more proactive on building, influencing, and choosing leaders for international organisations

Pieter Bult
Senior Advisor Government Relations, UNICEF, New York

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
The UNICEF - DFID partnership is one of openness and mutual learning and one that has even further strengthened in the past years. A strong equity focus, a drive for demonstrating achievements in development and humanitarian programmes, as well as serious attention to sound management and accountability practices, aligns our thinking. As UNICEF we particularly appreciate the ‘Value for Money (VfM)’ approach that DFID applies to its work. The approach is in-line with our own thinking and actions. In international development it is not only about efficiency, but about achieving results in a cost-conscious manner. DFID has and continues to engage well with UNICEF at all levels and the VfM approach has facilitated the dialogue on key organisational matters. One direct result of the dialogue is that it has accelerated UNICEF's joining of the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), another good DFID supported initiative.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
In terms of your second question, I would like to make a comment on DFID’s Multi-lateral Aid Review (MAR) as a tool for measuring Value for Money. While UNICEF welcomes external performance assessments, and UNICEF appreciates DFID's ground breaking efforts, since the MAR there has been a multiplicity of such assessments from donors, each requiring substantial amount of attention and leading to increased transaction costs at HQ, and more importantly at our Country Office levels. While we recognize the importance of the MAR as a tool for DFID, UNICEF would welcome DFID's support in coordinating with other member states and donors looking for more harmonized approaches.

Milena Novy-Marx
Programme Officer, John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
It is encouraging to see that DFID has taken on the challenge of girls’ education. Their Girls Education Challenge fund -- at 350 million pounds -- is a major commitment, and intends to leverage market forces and private and philanthropic sector actors to promote access to quality, relevant primary and early secondary education for girls in some of the poorest and difficult countries to reach. We know that girls' education can have powerful development impacts in areas from health to income. We hope that the Girls Education Challenge fund will meet its potential.

John Wand
Deputy Director for Research and International Strategy, ESRC (UK Research Council)

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
I have been most impressed by DFID's willingness and enthusiasm to engage with the more fundamental research supported by Research Councils as a way of helping to underpin and inform their other work.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
DFID could expand the above approach to other areas of their work, such as humanitarian relief.


Anon 1

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
DFID has carried out a very frank and open examination of its programme and partnerships; it's bi-lateral and multi-lateral reviews were honest, clear and very useful pieces of work for the wider development community.
DFID's focus on transparency and results has also helped the international community bring attention to  these important issues.
DFID's scaling up of its efforts in key countries, especially in fragile states, is also very welcome.
DFID's research and analysis and willingness to share with others has been very positive.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
DFID is in an excellent position to develop further their focus on results, on longer term development results, as well as areas where it is harder to measure results such as in institutional capacity building or governance or gender equality.


Anon 2

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
The massively increased focus on robust impact assessment and evaluation.

The fact that DFID has published its first commitments on nutrition improvements in the form of the nutrition strategy and position papers - and nutrition has a much firmer place in programming (spend on programmes, research, analysis).

Clearer thinking on our theories of change for impact.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
Be more nuanced in engagement with private sector - the private sector is huge, complex and diverse and not necessarily good value for money or driven towards efficient results for delivery of results. I think there is a romanticism of what the private sector is willing to deliver for poor people/development. As someone who has worked in in private sector I think DFID should be more analytical, evidence based and nuanced in how it engages for pro poor outcomes; not keep a blanket belief that any private sector engagement is good. It could also recognise its lack of experience in private sector engagement and not dive off the high board with such speed and so happily.


Anon 3

1. What have you been most impressed with from DFID in past 2 years?
The Government's continuing commitment to the 0.7% is remarkable, and provides real global leadership.

2. What would you like them to do differently?
It doesn't make much sense to have these increasing resources with a declining staff complement. It is nigh on impossible to engage DFID policy-makers in serious discussion - not their fault, they are just too overwhelmed by the practicalities of ensuring that their budget targets are met. And this means that they cannot develop from an international aid Department (which is what they are - and which is admirable and something they do very well) to an international development Department (which would be even more admirable and relevant to a complex world, and is something to which they should increasingly aspire).

The focus on targets and impact is welcome. The downside is that this has led to increasingly complex matrices and log-frames with which it is impossible for smaller organisations to deal with.

Post-primary education - further/tertiary/vocational - remains a huge gap in the DFID approach. Whatever happened to sector strategies?


And me, Lawrence Haddad?

1. Action Leadership. I very much appreciate DFID's action leadership on health (e.g. malaria), nutrition, sanitation, gender based violence, evidence and solutions. And I am proud that the Secretary of State and the DFID leadership team are being brave in standing up for development and aid and I am impressed by how effective they are in doing it. DFID is fulfilling commitments and is trying to do the right thing. The independent aid effectiveness commission, ICAI, is also a brave and good thing to do and DFID is being strong on corruption.

2. But I miss a little of the thought leadership. Michael Woolcock when commenting on the World Bank President candidates spoke of "big" development (systems, growth, pressure on planet, urbanisation etc) and "small" development (i.e. more micro, programmatic), saying both are important.  I think DFID is very present and effective in the small development arena, but perhaps less influential in the big trends, paradigms, systems, foresight and anticipation spaces. For example, there seems to be a lack of attention to the quality of growth, a lack of granularity about when and why the private sector is helpful and an absence of energy about people powered initiatives. This is just an impression, perhaps reinforced by a lack of white papers, the atomisation brought on inadvertently by the evaluation culture, and the imperatives to stay on focus and on message for fear of a backlash from the UK taxpayer. It might also reflect my lack of inside knowledge about what DFID is doing.

DFID has lots of very smart development thinkers--I would like to see them express themselves a little more.

19 April 2012

Can Development be Delivered Through the Courts? Some Evidence from India

The title of this blog is inspired by Harsh Mander, one of the Indian Supreme Court's Special Advisers on the Right to Food. He has written a paper ("Food From the Courts") for an upcoming IDS Bulletin on food justice in India, co-produced with Oxfam India. (Biraj Swain, C.P. Chandrasekhar and I are co-editors.) When the Bulletin is published I will be sure to post a link to it. A worry of mine sparked by Mander's excellent paper was "how do we know if the benefits that flow from the right to food actually accrue to the poorest?"

Well, a new study by Brinks and Gauri reported in the Economist goes some way to addressing my worry. The paper estimates that 84% of the benefits derived from laws passed between 1950 and 2006 in India (not only from the right to food) accrue to the bottom 40%. That is a very high percentage.

On a related point the team (led by Stephen Devereux of IDS) appointed by the Steering Group to the High Level Panel of Experts that support the UN Committee on Food Security (phew) were at IDS working on the draft of their report on "Social Protection for Food Security". During the discussions around the draft report we were struck by the contrast between India (strong rights, less strong implementation of social protection) and Ethiopia (weaker rights, stronger implementation).

Clearly we need both rights and implementation, and the study by Brinks and Gauri for the first time suggests how much a set of laws backed by an activist civil society can deliver for the poorest.

17 April 2012

President Kim

So, no big surprise, Jim Yong Kim is the new President of the World Bank. You can hear me wittering on about it at this BBC World Service link.

Reactions: Ngozi Okonjo Iweala and Jose Antonio Ocampo have, I believe, changed the selection process for ever. Will it be a meritocratic process in 5 years time? Maybe, but I predict we will at least have a public airing of candidates' vision of development, vision for the Bank and what they would do to realise the latter to contribute to the former.

Ngozi said that such a process would be fairer for the developing countries, but it is also fairer for everyone. My colleague Naomi Hossain has just released a World Bank published book "Living Through Crises" with Rasmus Heltberg and Anne Reva (see here for a free copy) which documents how the crises of the past 5 years (food, fuel, financial) have affected the very poorest throughout the world. The world has a huge stake in the World Bank's management of these crises and we should all have a voice.

What of President Kim? The Guardian Development pages will be running a feature on what various people think his priorities should be.

This is my entry...

"The new World Bank President should focus on the quality of growth. He should promote the view that growth is not necessarily good and not necessarily bad. They should instead set goals for what growth must achieve. How can we get growth that reduces poverty, creates jobs, uses natural resources sustainably, and does not breed corruption? That will mean more of an emphasis on the governance and politics of growth. In turn that will require a better balance of disciplines represented on the Bank’s professional staff. The President should also lead the charge to change the way future Presidents are appointed. The current system makes mockery of meritocracy and is hypocritical in the extreme."

Interestingly on his interview with BBC Kim said his number one priority was growth that delivers jobs and reduces poverty. OK, good, this is the same priority as stated by Ngozi Okonjo Iweala, but what ideas does he have for the Bank to make this more likely?

His book (he is lead editor), Dying for Growth, lays him open to the charge from people like Bill Easterly that he is anti-growth. As I have often argued in these pages, growth is not a cure-all and an absence of it is not a kill-all--it depends on what the growth does. Growth is a potential means to an end. If it delivers jobs while not wrecking the environment and not fuelling corruption, then wonderful. The difficult bit is figuring out how that kind of high quality growth can be generated. A good first step would be to measure it.

Will President Kim be a breath of fresh air or a flop? We all hope for the former.

14 April 2012

Development Writ Big or Small or Young?

In the next week or two, the World Bank members will be voting on who their next President will be. The Economist has a good editorial on the 3 candidates and it states the boss of the Bank needs:


"experience in government, in economics and in finance (it is a bank, after all). He or she should have a broad record in development, too. Ms Okonjo-Iweala has all these attributes, and Colombia’s José Antonio Ocampo has a couple. By contrast Jim Yong Kim, the American public-health professor whom Barack Obama wants to impose on the bank, has at most one."
I tend to agree with the attributes put forward and with the newspaper's stated preference (although I am biased in that I have interacted with Ngozi, but not the others).

(Incidentally a number of commentators were very annoyed by the Economist's portrayal of President Obama's nominee, Jim Yong Kim.)

In a related post, my fellow blogger and researcher, Michael Woolcock a Bank staffer, posts an interesting piece on the Bank Chief Economist's website about competing visions of development.

For straw man purposes he outlines Big and Small development visions. Big development is more worried about getting the systems right so that the right outcomes can be produced sustainably (productivity growth, a political system that reflects the wishes of its citizens, equal rights for all, and administrative principles that are transparent, accountable and meritocratic). Small development is more worried about the outcomes of different groups in the here and now and less about medium term goals of building systems.

Before you start jumping up and down and telling me it's not either/or, Woolcock notes that:

"These two visions of development are not incompatible...It is the task of the future president.... to harness the strengths of both approaches while recognizing and mitigating their real weaknesses."

To this end I think it a real shame that Ngozi's call for televised debates to lay out the candidates visions for development and for the Bank's role in that were not accepted by the other candidates. In that same interview, Ngozi states that job creation, with a strong fix on youth, would be her number on priority.

That focus on youth and on jobs is refreshing: that is the kind of leadership the development world needs.

09 April 2012

Lord Growth



The above report was published on March 20. Here are my reactions to the abstract. Disclaimers: (1) I have only read the abstract, not the entire report and (2) IDS is a recipient of DFID funding. My comments appear in italics after LH. There goes the knighthood.

Abstract

One in five of the world's population still lives on less than $1.25 a day. This poverty is a source of great human misery, and, if effective ways can be found to reduce it which are acceptable to the taxpayers of the developed world, then reduce it we should.

This report is about development aid, and how effective it has been in promoting development and poverty reduction in recipient countries. It examines the Government's plans for a real terms increase of 37% in official aid spending in the four years to 2015. The report does not address humanitarian aid for relief of acute distress following conflict, famine, natural disasters or other emergencies, which is less than 10% of official aid spending.

This inquiry has shown that finding ways to realise the simple ambition of reducing poverty by means of development aid is hugely challenging:

▪ Economic growth is essential if poverty is to be reduced. There is however no agreement amongst experts as to the effectiveness of development aid in promoting growth. Estimates vary from those which suggest that development aid has added about 0.5 per annum to growth in recipient countries to those which suggest that it has had no positive, or indeed negative, effect on growth.

LH: Well, this is a House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee, so we should expect them to focus on economic growth as the route to poverty reduction. I disagree with the statement that economic growth is essential if poverty is to be reduced. Some kinds of economic growth are essential. The kind that generates wealth for the top 10% doesn’t do much for poverty reduction. The kind that is the result of plunder of natural resources does nothing for those living in poverty. The kind that wrecks the environment and accelerates global warming does not do anyone any favours in the medium term. This lack of nuance about economic growth is truly worrying and for me puts the credibility of the entire report under the microscope. And estimates will vary about the effectiveness of aid on growth, because growth is not always the key constraint to poverty reduction and aid is working through other routes to reduce poverty.

▪ There is far from universal agreement amongst experts as to what the aim of aid should be. Should it be to maximise economic growth? Should it be to have the maximum effect on poverty? Or should it for example be a tool for ensuring that values such as human rights are spread more widely, or for combating climate change? These objectives are not necessarily in conflict but they do complicate the design of aid policy.

LH: This really surprises me. Nearly every development agency has poverty reduction as its number one goal. This is a real consensus. Sure, we quibble about how to define poverty (money metrics, multidimensional measures, perceptions data etc.) and about the best way to reduce poverty (there must be 1000 different things that can be done) but not about the goal of reducing poverty.

▪ There is little agreement amongst experts as to what forms of aid are the most effective. For example, some of our witnesses thought it important to promote foreign direct investment. Some thought that technical assistance was central while others were keener on large-scale projects designed, for example, to combat disease. Different arguments were advanced for project-based aid, for governmental budgetary support and for large scale infrastructure investment.

LH: This “little agreement” is a recurring theme throughout the report summary. This can be used to portray the aid community as a headless chicken, divided on what to do, but I believe it simply reflects the fact that context matters. In one context, capacity will be the limiting constraint, in another health services, in another infrastructure. There is no generic recipe for poverty reduction, only a long list of ingredients that have been shown to work in some places and at some times. This is where the skills of the politicians, technocrats and civic leaders come into play—in forging alliances that get the balance of politics, capacity and policy right to reduce poverty in their own time and place.

▪ There is disagreement among experts as to what is the best way to channel aid. Some argue for multilateral aid on the grounds that it is better for delivery of large-scale development assistance and reduces the number of different donors which aid receiving countries need to keep informed and involved. Others believe that multilateral aid, including aid through the European Union, can be wasteful and that national aid, at least so far as the UK is concerned, is better controlled. Some emphasise the benefits of channelling aid through NGOs and civil society organisations; others emphasise that such organisations can lack scale, and that competition between them can undermine aid, for example by tempting them to make concessions to corrupt governments to preserve their programmes.

LH: I would agree with this. Each route has its strengths and weaknesses, and a diversity of approaches seems the least risky. More evidence here would be very welcome.

▪ There is also disagreement amongst experts as to whether aid should focus on those countries where poverty is most acute—often "failed" or "failing" states—and those who believe that, without better governance, aid will prove a waste of time or worse.

LH: Yes, agree with this too. We need more evidence to tell us when £xm of aid spent in a fragile context lifts more people out of poverty, sustainably, than £xm of aid spent in a non-fragile context. Notice I say when, not whether. There are no universal answers: disagreement is not a bad thing.

There is disagreement amongst experts as to whether aid is a tool enabling donor countries to combat corruption and bring about internal peace, or whether it tends to feed corruption and sustain damaging internal conflicts.

We are however pleased to report that expert opinion is virtually united in agreement that DFID enjoys an outstanding reputation internationally as an effective aid agent. It has refined the Government's approach to aid over a number of years. Now, under an energetic Secretary of State, it is taking direct action to deal with points made by aid critics by for example, increasing its emphasis on promoting private investment and on containing unrestricted budgetary support.

LH: At risk of sounding like a broken record, it depends on the context. But if there are no internal champions of reform, no matter how few, I believe that aid cannot change the governance dynamic. Aid might be able to support the emergence of these champions but that is a 15-20 year business.

We do make recommendations designed to improve DFID's performance further. In particular we fear that, sometimes, it is pursuing various good objectives—helping fragile states, zero tolerance of corruption, cutting staff numbers—that are likely to prove mutually incompatible.

LH: I have written on these pages before, that (a) having a bigger impact on poverty while (b) working in more fragile contexts with (c) a bigger budget and fewer staff is an awfully tall order. I hope I am proven wrong.

We have not sought in this report to reconcile all these different arguments. We have sought to form a balanced view of aid, which recognises its strengths and weaknesses. And, in particular, we have sought to apply that view to reach a sensible verdict on the future of Britain's aid programme so as to ensure, to the maximum extent possible, that it does what taxpayers expect of it: make people in the least developed countries less poor and less miserable.

Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations (1-28)

1) This report focuses on development aid which is over nine-tenths of official aid spending. It is not about humanitarian aid, which accounts for less than 10% of official aid spending. We fully support humanitarian aid. (para 3)

2) Since private capital flows to developing countries are now so much greater than official aid flows it seems clear that private spending has become a much greater contributor to development than official aid. (para 11)

LH: Agree, but the comparisons may be overstating the case a little. Aid, unlike private capital flows, has an explicit poverty reduction goal.

3) Economic growth is essential to bring about poverty reduction in developing countries. Aid is plainly not the main driver of their growth, since capital and trade flows are so much greater, but it can arguably play a catalytic role. We consider in this report what impact aid makes on recipient countries' growth. (para 18)

LH: Agree that aid can play a catalytic role in bad growth and in good growth. We need to get beyond "growth is good" to "some growth is good and some is not".

4) The difficulties of accurate measurement and attribution, and of assessing what would have happened if no aid had been given, are so formidable that the evidence that aid makes a contribution to growth in recipient countries is inconclusive. (para 32)

LH: Yes, contribution to growth, perhaps, but contribution to poverty reduction, no.

5) Large and prolonged aid programmes can have a corrosive effect on local political systems when the priority becomes to attract aid rather than to solve problems. DFID should pay close attention to the scale and composition of aid programmes to ensure that resource flows do not overwhelm local ability to manage them and undermine systems of governance in recipient countries. They should also support recipient governments' systems of audit and public financial management and have a credible exit strategy. (para 36)

LH: agree. But any resource flow has the power to corrupt—it is all about the governance.

6) We welcome evidence of graduation from aid, or progress towards it, by a range of countries in Asia and Africa. We recognise that any contribution by aid to the economic growth which enables graduation may not have been great. We do not subscribe to the fallacy that because graduation took place after aid, it was even in part because of aid, since many factors such as governance, trade and investment affect growth. It seems likely that all contributed, and that aid's impact was greater where, as in Botswana, Ghana or Kenya, it was a higher proportion of GNP in the early days of development and was delivered in support of a clear strategy for growth. We welcome the Secretary of State for International Development's readiness to move with the times and prepare exit strategies in countries where graduation is near. (para 45)

LH: Don’t really understand this paragraph, other than to convey the idea that we need to think about aid exit strategies. This is about the only thing I agreed with in Dambisa Moyo’s book.

7) The risks of corruption are greater in weak, unstable or failed states. It is important for donors to ensure that opportunities for corruption are as limited as possible by setting in place systems of audit and control as rigorous as local conditions permit and to withhold development aid altogether where corruption is rife and therefore endangers the effectiveness of aid. In the battle against corruption, to which we return later, accountants are more important than economists. (para 50)

LH: Actually I would say behavioural psychology experts (to set up incentives that deter rent seeking in the first place) and civic leaders (to help make the quantity and quality of delivery more transparent) might be more important than the accountants, who definitely have a role to play, but not a lead one.

8) We recommend that DFID should monitor and report on flows of capital from recipient countries, with a view to reducing aid where there are excessive outflows. We agree with Transparency International that the Government should explore with other G20 countries the scope to discourage illicit capital flight from developing countries. (para 55)

LH: agree

9) Growth seems the most effective remedy for global poverty. We are surprised that the role of growth is not more fully acknowledged in the international community's collective approach to poverty reduction. We recognise that trade, investment and remittances are all much more substantial than aid and more important in driving growth. We accept that accurate measurement of whether or how much aid helps promote growth is not available. But similar difficulties arise over measurement of the contribution to growth of trade, investment and remittances, though their indispensability to growth is undeniable. It is uncertain that aid makes a proportionate contribution. (para 58)

LH: At the risk of repeating myself, the growth-poverty elasticity varies tremendously depending on (1) initial inequality, (2) sector of growth, (3) externalities generated and (4) governance of growth. Growth is not a cure-all. And an absence of certain types of growth is certainly not a kill-all.

10) The risks of failure in aid to fragile states are greater than elsewhere, as is the scope for misuse of aid funds. For the Government's planned increase in aid to fragile states to have any chance of being effective we recommend careful selection of programmes and continuous evaluation of their effect, and a robust anti-corruption strategy. (para 73)

LH: Agree

11) Where security policy and aid policy overlap with the aim of bolstering stability, circumstances are often challenging and outcomes uncertain. Lessons must be learnt from the unrealistic goals set for aid in Afghanistan. In the UK, DFID see the Government's Building Stability Overseas Strategy (BSOS) as a useful aid to decision-making. We agree with Rory Stewart MP who told us that "the liberal imperialist idea ... of creating governance and stability in a post-conflict zone through the application of development aid is mistaken." Decisions on intervention should be carefully weighed on the basis of thorough analysis of local circumstances and realistic and proportionate assessment of what is achievable. (para 74)

LH: The last sentence should apply to all aid and indeed to all public financing.

12) We agree with Lord Jay of Ewelme who told us that aid should complement British foreign policy. The Conflict Pool provides scope for coordinated responses by DFID, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Ministry of Defence to instability and conflict in developing countries in carefully assessed cases. (para 78)

LH: I would like to see a greater overlap of foreign policy and aid policy, but which policy circle should move the furthest depends, it seems to me, on the circumstance.

13) We believe that poverty reduction through economic development should remain the main aim of aid policy. (para 84)

LH: I believe the report has made this position abundantly clear. But what would you expect an Economic Affairs committee to say? I actually think the committee’s report argues for poverty reduction though improved governance as the main aim of aid policy.

14) We welcome the Secretary of State for International Development's decision to run down bilateral development aid programmes in 16 countries including China and Russia and to concentrate bilateral aid in 27 countries. (para 85)

LH: I also agree with the increased focus on a smaller set of countries. Aid flows are small and can be spread too thinly.

15) Whatever its merits when it was adopted in 1970, we do not accept that meeting by 2013 the UN target of spending 0.7% (£12bn) of Gross National Income on aid should now be a plank, let alone the central plank, of British aid policy because:

a) it wrongly prioritises the amount spent rather than the result achieved;

LH: Is it really the central plank? It is one way of assessing the commitment of the UK government to international development, and perhaps the most transparent way, but it is not the central plank. It is important to get a balance of targets on inputs, outputs and outcomes. If it is all inputs and outputs aid becomes a bureaucratic exercise, but if it is only outcomes, then it becomes an exercise in claiming too much credit when things go well and avoiding blame when they do not. Accountability is maximized when all three are assessed and linked.

b) it makes the achievement of the spending target more important than the overall effectiveness of the programme;

LH: Possibly, but not having an input target would surely weaken the attribution story on outcomes. We need both.

c) the speed of the planned increase risks reducing the quality, value for money and accountability of the aid programme;

LH: possibly.

d) reaching the target increases the risk identified in Chapter 4 that aid will have a corrosive effect on local political systems.

LH: depends where it is spent, how, who, when etc.

We recommend that the core of aid policy should be choosing and funding the best ways of promoting international development and stability, rather than finding new ways to spend ever-increasing resources. (para 95)

LH: I think we would all agree with this, and I am sure DFID think they are doing the former and not the latter.

16) The Government should therefore drop its commitment to enact legislation to enshrine in British law an obligation on future Governments always to comply with the UN target of spending 0.7% of Gross National Income on aid. It would deprive future Governments of the flexibility to respond to changing circumstances at home and abroad. The Secretary of State has not put forward any case for legislation other than the Government's political commitment to it. (para 96)

LH: tough one this. I would like to see the 0.7 enshrined in law, but the timetable does look like it will require a very large step increase in spending to achieve it and this may well be self-defeating politically and practically. The SoS has gotten himself in a bit of a box on this one. My sense is that as long as good progress is made towards 0.7 then the community will not be too hard on him, but I am probably inviting a stream of invective for even suggesting this.

17) We welcome DFID's reviews of all bilateral aid programmes and multilateral agencies supported by Britain. DFID's renewed commitment to results and value for money is a welcome change in approach, if carried through. (para 98)

LH: Yes, with the proviso that value for money does not = low cost.

18) We welcome DFID's decisions to cease funding to a few ineffective multilateral organisations. But more needs to be done. The evidence we received raised concerns about the quality of aid delivered via the World Bank and in particular the UN Development Programme (UNDP). We would support reducing funding to both organisations, which receive large amounts of DFID money, while a more detailed re-evaluation of their work is carried out. The Government should push for a substantial reduction in the European Commission's aid programmes given its focus on the EU's neighbours rather than poorer, low income countries that are in greater need. DFID must provide impact assessments and regular reports on performance of projects it funds through all multilateral organisations. (para 100)

LH: I am sure DFID will look at this in light of its refreshes of these aid reviews.

19) India's impressive economic growth and technological attainments, and its own aid programme, coexist with widespread, extreme poverty. British development aid to the poorest Indian states may provide a perverse incentive to the Indian government to use less of its own revenue to alleviate poverty. We recommend that the Secretary of State should urgently prepare an early exit strategy from the India development aid programme. (para 104)

LH: I doubt this. From what I have seen in Bihar, it will act as a spur and encouragement.

20) We welcome DFID's decision to halve general budget support by 2014/15. We also welcome the introduction of more rigorous conditions of disbursement. But we are concerned that sector budget support—where the funds are spent in specific areas such as health or education—is to jump 20% by 2014/15 and that much of Britain's funding of multilateral agencies may be used as budget support. Since the risks of misuse of budgetary aid are high, both types of budget support—general and sectoral—should be reduced, not just the general budget support targeted by the Government. DFID should also ensure that less of the aid it provides via multilateral organisations is used for budget support, or withdraw funding from multilateral agencies that persist in focussing on budget support. (para 110)

LH: I don’t know what the evidence says here.

21) We welcome the new emphasis on the development role of the private sector, which is essential to the creation of strong and sustained indigenous growth. DFID's own efforts should increasingly concentrate on the ways in which it can help to encourage and sustain private investment. It should not be tempted into interfering unnecessarily in the activities of private companies. The more private sector skills can be embedded within the Department, the more likely its efforts are to succeed, with the prize, at the end of the day, of less taxpayer-funded aid. (para 115)

LH: Agree that a better balance of public and private sector expertise will be helpful, but we must not run the risk of lionizing the private sector. Many NGOs achieve miracles on shoestring budgets—achieving value for money ratios that big companies could only dream of.

22) We recognise the difficult case-by-case judgments on aid delivery which DFID faces in easing the plight of the poorest in countries where oppressive regimes violate human rights. We recommend that DFID should continue to exercise vigilance in ensuring aid does not prop up oppressive regimes, even if they are not conspicuously corrupt in a financial sense. (para 117)

LH: Yes.

23) We recognise the valuable contribution that some NGOs can make to development and agree that DFID should use them in the right circumstances to deliver some of its aid, recognising that the NGO sector cannot substitute in the long run for credible and effective recipient-country governments. We recommend, however, that DFID should be as robust in monitoring proper use of funds by NGOs as it is with directly-delivered resources. (para 124)

LH: Yes, and be equally robust in monitoring the proper use of funds by the private sector.

24) We welcome the Secretary of State's commitment to ensure better 'badging' of British aid. Other donor governments are less reticent. (para 130)

LH: If the focus groups say this helps shore up the UK taxpayer base, then OK.

25) We do not advocate a return to tied aid. But we recommend that DFID should consider with the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills how Britain could derive direct economic benefit from its development aid programmes without worsening quality and effectiveness for recipients. (para 131)

LH: Bit of a thin-end-of-the-wedge one here. I suppose there don’t have to be tradeoffs, but I suspect any moves in this direction would end up shortchanging recipients.

26) The planned combination of much higher programme spending, especially in fragile states, with administrative staff cuts seems to risk weaker monitoring of programmes and less rigorous vigilance against corruption. We are not convinced that a cut in DFID staff of the magnitude planned can be reconciled with adequate control of the Department's fast-growing budget, although we welcome DFID's plans to strengthen the front line within a stable headcount overall, which we trust will lessen the risk. We recommend that the Secretary of State should ensure that administrative staff cuts do not hamper his focus on results and in particular the struggle against corruption. (para 136)

LH: Agree. Would like to see the evidence that suggests this can be reconciled.

27) There is corruption in many developing countries. We are greatly concerned by the paltry and implausibly low levels of fraud identified by DFID of little over £1m in its global programmes. Given critical reports of the National Audit Office and the Independent Commission for Aid Impact, DFID must make much more strenuous efforts to improve its detection of corruption, especially given the sharp increases in aid over the next few years. (para 143)

LH: I’m not an expert in this area, but other UK Government departments with big benefit budgets show fraud levels of 1-2% and so we should not be surprised at fraud and corruption levels of £70-80 million (on £7-8 billon), although they should never be tolerated.

28) We recommend that both Parliament and DFID monitor ICAI's own effectiveness closely, and take steps necessary to ensure that both its work and its staffing are sufficient both in quality and in quantity for it effectively to discharge its duties. (para 145)

LH: Quite, who is the watchdog for the watchdog?